Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
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Topics of this game:
- Protect brain along w/skull; 3 layers of non-nervous tissue (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
- Keeps the brain moist, lubricates the brain and protects the brain from changes in pressure.
- A moving object strikes another object (head)(slower or stationary)
- An object increases its rate of speed; The head is propelled by some external force
- An object decreases its speed; The head is forced to an abrupt stop
- Brain is initially at rest; force from outside; Brain is impacted by the moving skull and propelled forward; There is tissue compression + stretching
- The head is moving at some velocity and suddenly stops; the brain, due to inertia, keeps moving; it then strikes the now stationary skull
- Initial impact on brain; blow to brain; initial point of impact; force from blow spreads thru the brain + causes it to strike skull on other side
- Brain is relatively fixed at the brain stem; Frontal and temporal lobes are particularly vulnerable
- Injuries result from significant pressure changes affecting air and fluid filled areas of the body
- Localized; Tends to result from penetrating injury
- Damage throughout the brain; Tends to result from acceleration/decel-eration injuries and pressure (blast) injuries
- Usually include a skull fracture; Meningeal layer is cut, exposing brain tissue; Opens the brain to more infection
- May or may not involve skull fracture; Meninges remain intact; Lessens the chance of infection; Does NOT lessen the severity of injury
- Occur at the time of the impact; Lacerations, contusions, fractures, DAI
- Occur after the initial impact, as the body responds to it. Complications from it; Overlap between what is considered primary and secondary
- Cut in the scalp, meninges, brain, vascular structures. Can be caused by bone or by force itself (hematoma/hemorrhage)
- Bruises; Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis, infarction; Frontal/temporal lobes due to the bones of the cranium
- Brain shearing / tearing and/or axon damage; Rotational forces, Chemical changes in axons, Forces between brain and cranium can “tear” brain tissue
- Collection of blood; Space occupying lesion; Described by its location: extradural/epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral
- Swelling; Focal or diffuse; increases intracranial pressure; ass effect, midline shift, herniation
- Lack of arousal/response; Results from damage to reticular formation (nuclei in brain stem) or lack of comm. of info from brain stem to cortex
- Abnormal electrical discharge of cortical neurons
- A= airway, B= breathing, C= circulation, D= disablity, E= exposure
- Involves shaving the portion of the head, exposing the dura, removal of the clot, repairing the artery, irrigation
- Buildup of pressure inside the skull; edema, blood; decreases blood flow
- Like a craniotomy, but the skull piece is left off and stored; Permits the brain to swell without impingement
- Inability to maintain a coherent stream of thought; A disturbance of awareness with heightened distractibility
- Inability to carry out a sequence of goal-directed movements; May not be noted until the individual is challenged in some way
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