Chemical Texturing 1
Chapter 20 review of chemical texturizing. Milady standard textbook.
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- The term pH is an abbreviation used for potential ______, and the symbol pH represents the quantity of ______ ions in solution.
- What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?
- ______ give you the ability to permanently change the hair's natural wave and curl pattern, thereby offering clients a variety of styling options that would not otherwise be possible.
- Which layer of hair is the innermost layer of the hair, and often called the pith or core of the hair?
- Without a thorough understanding of ______, cosmetologists could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves.
- Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair?
- What are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end-to end like beads?
- Chemical hair texturizers temporarily raise the pH of the hair to an alkaline state in order to ______.
- What are the basic building blocks of the hair that affect how chemical solutions react? They include amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, keratin proteins and ______?
- The ______ measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains.
- Which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur?
- The range of numbers used in the pH scale is ______.
- Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain?
- In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is ______.
- In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ______.
- What chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfur-type chains are joined together?
- What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?
- Which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges, and are easily broken by by changes in pH?
- ______ is a two-step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then a chemical change caused by the permanent waving solution.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between - and + electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is ______.
- The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by these 3 types of side bonds ______ that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair .
- Most alkaline permanent waves have a pH between ______.
- In permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of ______.
- What is the second factor in the overall strength of the waving solution?
- Alkaline waves, also known as ______, were developed in 1941.
- What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?
- Once in the cortex, waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called ______.
- The ______ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent, or thio.
- The active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves is ______.
- It is important for stylists to remember that ammonia-free does not necessarily mean ______.
- Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waving solution and speeds up ______.
- All acid waves have three components, permanent waving lotion, neutralizer, and ______.
- ______ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so that there is very little odor associated with their use.
- What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotion?
- Waves that are activated from an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood-type hair dryer, are _______ waves.
- Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between ______.
- Modern acid waves are actually ______ waves, which are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH.
- What is the most common neutralizer?
- Overprocessed hair that is further processed will become ______ and cause further damage, including breakage.
- What waving solutions use an ingredient other than ATG, such a cysteamine or mercaptamine, as the primary reducing agent?
- In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first ______.
- ______ waves are permanent solutions based on sulfites, considered very weak, and are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves.
- The process that stops the action of permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair into its new form is called ______.
- Hair that has too many broken disulfide bonds and will not hold a firm curl is considered _______.
- All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into ______.
- What soft foam perm rods are usually about 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod?
- The ______ uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the hair strand.
- What perm rods are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area?
- The ______ is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped, providing the most control over the hair ends.
- What is the most common type of perm rod?
- ______, also known as circle rods, are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod, and are secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.
- The ______ uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.
- In the croquignole method of wrapping, the hair is wound from the ______ in overlapping concentric layers.
- Caution should be used with on-base rod placement to avoid additional ______.
- In a ______, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod.
- In permanent waving, panels of hair are divided into smaller subsections called ______.
- The angle at which a permanent wave rod is positioned on the head is referred to as ______.
- ______ minimizes stress and tension on the hair.
- The two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are ______.
- ______ refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.
- ______, often found in home haircoloring products, leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls, severe discoloration, or hair breakage.
- Which wrap utilizes partings and bases throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head?
- Chemical services should not be performed if the scalp shows any signs of ______.
- What is another name for the double-rod wrap technique?
- Base sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair, in which wrapping pattern?
- The ______, also known as a straight set wrap, is a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal-sized bases.
- What is a very effective technique for blending between perm rods with opposite base directions using zigzag partings to divide base areas?
- ______ is the measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows.
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