Ch 5 Review - Biology
Biology
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- Is a structure formed of two layers of lipids in which the hydrophilic heads are the outside surfaces of the bilayer and the hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between, isolated from contact with the aqueous environment.
- Spherical structures where the lipids are found. A spherical structure in which lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic tail are packed.
- Spherical bilayer structures. An enclosed bilayer structure spontaneously formed by phospholipids in environments with neutral pH, like water.
- This Lipid is amphipathic, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Increases or decreases membrane fluidity depending on the temperature.
- Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
- Chemical reactions that attach to other proteins and help to maintain cell structure and shape.
- Permanently associated with cell membranes and cannot be separated from the membrane experimentally without destroying the membrane itself.
- A protein that is temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer or with integral membrane proteins through weak noncovalent interactions.
- Proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer; they are the most integral membrane proteins.
- Separate its internal contents from the surrounding environment. It serves as an active transport as well.
- Maintain the shape of the cells.
- Maintenance of a constant environment within the cells.
- When a molecule moves by diffusion through a membrane protein and bypasses the lipid bilayer. The molecule moves through a membrane transporter.
- Type of membrane transporter that opens with a signal. Can be chemical or electrical.
- A type of membrane transporter. Exist in two conformations: one that is open to one side of the cell, and the other that is open to the other side of the cell.
- These channels allow water to move much more readily across the plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion than is possible by simple diffusion.
- The molecule moves directly through the lipid bilayer.
- A gradient that has both charge and chemical components.
- Uses the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient to drive the movement of molecules.
- Are compartments that take up excess water from inside the cell and then, by contraction, expel it into the external environment.
- The force exerted by water pressing against an object is called:
- DNA is concentrated in a discrete region of the cell interior known as:
- They contain additional small circular molecules of DNA that carry a few genes. They are commonly transferred between bacteria.
- Plasmids are commonly transferred between bacteria through the action of threadlike structures known as:
- The region of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the organelles; the jelly-like internal environment that surrounds the organelles.
- Includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, and the vesicles that move between them.
- When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the process is called
- A vesicle can bud off from the plasma membrane, enclosing material from outside the cell and bringing it into the cell interior, in a process called
- These large protein complexes allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, so they are essential for the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell.
- Are the sites of protein synthesis, in which amino acids are assembled into polypeptides guided by the information stored in mRNA.
- Produces and transports many of the proteins and lipids used inside and outside the cell, including all transmembrane proteins, as well as proteins destined for the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or export out of the cell.
- The interior of the ER
- Looks rough because they are studded with ribosomes.
- (1) it further modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER; (2) it acts as a sorting station as these proteins and lipids move to their final destinations; and (3) it is the site of synthesis of most of the cell’s carbohydrates.
- Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules.
- The process by which proteins end up where they need to be to perform their function.
- An amino acid sequence that directs a protein to its proper cellular compartment.
- The signal sequence for the nucleus enables proteins to move through pores in the nuclear envelope.
- An RNA–protein complex that binds with part of a polypeptide chain and marks the molecule for incorporation into the endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (prokaryotes).
- In protein sorting, an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain embeds the chain in the membrane.
- Are organelles harness energy from chemical compounds such as sugars and convert it into ATP, which serves as the universal energy currency of the cell.
- Capture the energy of sunlight to synthesize simple sugars. Found in plants.
- This membrane contains specialized light-collecting molecules called pigments, of which chlorophyll is the most important.
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