In this interactive and animated object, students distribute the valence electrons in simple covalent molecules with one central atom. Six rules are followed to show the bonding and nonbonding electrons in Lewis dot structures. The process is well illustrated with eight worked examples and two interactive practice problems.

Boyle's Law states that gas volume varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature and is described by the equation PV = constant. An example of a sample of gas at two conditions of P and V is used to illustrate the law.

In this interactive object, learners calculate the amount of heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions. Four practice problems are provided.

Learners follow a four-step process to determine the empirical formula of a compound from the masses of its constituent elements. The molecular formula is determined in a fifth step using the molecular weight of the compound.